What is a short circuit?

A short circuit is defined as a condition where electrical current flows along an unintended path with little resistance. This occurs when the normal pathway for electrical flow is bypassed, typically due to a fault or breakdown in the insulation of the wiring or components. When a short circuit happens, the electrical current increases significantly and can lead to overheating, equipment damage, and, importantly, safety hazards such as electrical fires or shock.

This phenomenon contrasts sharply with intended electrical pathways, which are designed to have specific resistance, allowing the current to flow as intended while ensuring devices operate efficiently and safely. In the case of a short circuit, the low resistance of the unintended path leads to higher current flow and can overwhelm circuit protection devices like fuses and breakers if they do not trip quickly enough.

Understanding this concept is crucial for anyone working with electrical systems, as it emphasizes the need for proper circuit design and maintenance to prevent short circuits from occurring.